Code of Federal Regulations: 40 CFR 141: NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS

This electronic document was downloaded from the GPO web site, November 2003, and is provided for information purposes only. The Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, is updated July 1 of each year. The most current version of the regulations may be found at the GPO web site.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.1]

[Page 335]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart A--General

Sec. 141.1 Applicability.

This part establishes primary drinking water regulations pursuant to
section 1412 of the Public Health Service Act, as amended by the Safe
Drinking Water Act (Pub. L. 93-523); and related regulations applicable
to public water systems.

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[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.2]

[Page 336-341]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart A--General

Sec. 141.2 Definitions.

As used in this part, the term:
Act means the Public Health Service Act, as amended by the Safe
Drinking Water Act, Public Law 93-523.
Action level, is the concentration of lead or copper in water
specified in Sec. 141.80(c) which determines, in some cases, the
treatment requirements contained in subpart I of this part that a water
system is required to complete.
Best available technology or BAT means the best technology,
treatment techniques, or other means which the Administrator finds,
after examination for efficacy under field conditions and not solely
under laboratory conditions, are available (taking cost into
consideration). For the purposes of setting MCLs for synthetic organic
chemicals, any BAT must be at least as effective as granular activated
carbon.
Coagulation means a process using coagulant chemicals and mixing by
which colloidal and suspended materials are destabilized and
agglomerated into flocs.
Community water system means a public water system which serves at
least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly
serves at least 25 year-round residents.
Compliance cycle means the nine-year calendar year cycle during
which public water systems must monitor. Each compliance cycle consists
of three three-year compliance periods. The first calendar year cycle
begins January 1, 1993 and ends December 31, 2001; the second begins
January 1, 2002 and ends December 31, 2010; the third begins January 1,
2011 and ends December 31, 2019.
Compliance period means a three-year calendar year period within a
compliance cycle. Each compliance cycle has three three-year compliance
periods. Within the first compliance cycle, the first compliance period
runs from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995; the second from January
1, 1996 to December 31, 1998; the third from January 1, 1999 to December
31, 2001.
Comprehensive performance evaluation (CPE) is a thorough review and
analysis of a treatment plant's performance-based capabilities and
associated administrative, operation and maintenance practices. It is
conducted to identify factors that may be adversely impacting a plant's
capability to achieve compliance and emphasizes approaches that can be
implemented without significant capital improvements. For purposes of
compliance with subpart P of this part, the comprehensive performance
evaluation must consist of at least the following components: Assessment
of plant performance; evaluation of major unit processes; identification
and prioritization of performance limiting factors; assessment of the
applicability of comprehensive technical assistance; and preparation of
a CPE report.
Confluent growth means a continuous bacterial growth covering the
entire filtration area of a membrane filter, or a portion thereof, in
which bacterial colonies are not discrete.
Contaminant means any physical, chemical, biological, or
radiological substance or matter in water.
Conventional filtration treatment means a series of processes
including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration
resulting in substantial particulate removal.
Corrosion inhibitor means a substance capable of reducing the
corrosivity of water toward metal plumbing materials, especially lead
and copper, by forming a protective film on the interior surface of
those materials.
CT or CTcalc is the product of "residual disinfectant
concentration" (C) in mg/1 determined before or at the first customer,
and the corresponding "disinfectant contact time" (T) in minutes,
i.e., "C" x "T". If a public water system applies disinfectants at
more than one point prior to the first customer, it must determine the
CT of each disinfectant sequence before or at the first customer to
determine the total percent inactivation or "total inactivation
ratio." In determining the total inactivation ratio, the public water
system must determine the residual disinfectant concentration of each
disinfection sequence and corresponding contact time before any
subsequent disinfection application point(s). "CT<INF>99.9</INF>" is
the CT value required for 99.9 percent (3-log) inactivation of Giardia
lamblia cysts. CT<INF>99.9</INF> for a variety of disinfectants and
conditions

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appear in tables 1.1-1.6, 2.1, and 3.1 of Sec. 141.74(b)(3).
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.129

is the inactivation ratio. The sum of the inactivation ratios, or total
inactivation ratio shown as
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.130

is calculated by adding together the inactivation ratio for each
disinfection sequence. A total inactivation ratio equal to or greater
than 1.0 is assumed to provide a 3-log inactivation of Giardia lamblia
cysts.
Diatomaceous earth filtration means a process resulting in
substantial particulate removal in which (1) a precoat cake of
diatomaceous earth filter media is deposited on a support membrance
(septum), and (2) while the water is filtered by passing through the
cake on the septum, additional filter media known as body feed is
continuously added to the feed water to maintain the permeability of the
filter cake.
Direct filtration means a series of processes including coagulation
and filtration but excluding sedimentation resulting in substantial
particulate removal.
Disinfectant means any oxidant, including but not limited to
chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramines, and ozone added to water in any
part of the treatment or distribution process, that is intended to kill
or inactivate pathogenic microorganisms.
Disinfectant contact time ("T" in CT calculations) means the time
in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of
disinfectant application or the previous point of disinfectant residual
measurement to a point before or at the point where residual
disinfectant concentration ("C") is measured. Where only one "C" is
measured, "T" is the time in minutes that it takes for water to move
from the point of disinfectant application to a point before or at where
residual disinfectant concentration ("C") is measured. Where more than
one "C" is measured, "T" is (a) for the first measurement of "C",
the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the first or
only point of disinfectant application to a point before or at the point
where the first "C" is measured and (b) for subsequent measurements of
"C", the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the
previous "C" measurement point to the "C" measurement point for
which the particular "T" is being calculated. Disinfectant contact
time in pipelines must be calculated based on "plug flow" by dividing
the internal volume of the pipe by the maximum hourly flow rate through
that pipe. Disinfectant contact time within mixing basins and storage
reservoirs must be determined by tracer studies or an equivalent
demonstration.
Disinfection means a process which inactivates pathogenic organisms
in water by chemical oxidants or equivalent agents.
Disinfection profile is a summary of daily Giardia lamblia
inactivation through the treatment plant. The procedure for developing a
disinfection profile is contained in Sec. 141.172.
Domestic or other non-distribution system plumbing problem means a
coliform contamination problem in a public water system with more than
one service connection that is limited to the specific service
connection from which the coliform-positive sample was taken.
Dose equivalent means the product of the absorbed dose from ionizing
radiation and such factors as account for differences in biological
effectiveness due to the type of radiation and its distribution in the
body as specified by the International Commission on Radiological Units
and Measurements (ICRU).
Effective corrosion inhibitor residual, for the purpose of subpart I
of this part only, means a concentration sufficient to form a
passivating film on the interior walls of a pipe.
Enhanced coagulation means the addition of sufficient coagulant for
improved removal of disinfection byproduct precursors by conventional
filtration treatment.

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Enhanced softening means the improved removal of disinfection
byproduct precursors by precipitative softening.
Filter profile is a graphical representation of individual filter
performance, based on continuous turbidity measurements or total
particle counts versus time for an entire filter run, from startup to
backwash inclusively, that includes an assessment of filter performance
while another filter is being backwashed.
Filtration means a process for removing particulate matter from
water by passage through porous media.
First draw sample means a one-liter sample of tap water, collected
in accordance with Sec. 141.86(b)(2), that has been standing in plumbing
pipes at least 6 hours and is collected without flushing the tap.
Flocculation means a process to enhance agglomeration or collection
of smaller floc particles into larger, more easily settleable particles
through gentle stirring by hydraulic or mechanical means.
GAC10 means granular activated carbon filter beds with an empty-bed
contact time of 10 minutes based on average daily flow and a carbon
reactivation frequency of every 180 days.
Ground water under the direct influence of surface water means any
water beneath the surface of the ground with significant occurrence of
insects or other macroorganisms, algae, or large-diameter pathogens such
as Giardia lamblia or (for subpart H systems serving at least 10,000
people only) Cryptosporidium, or significant and relatively rapid shifts
in water characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, conductivity,
or pH which closely correlate to climatological or surface water
conditions. Direct influence must be determined for individual sources
in accordance with criteria established by the State. The State
determination of direct influence may be based on site-specific
measurements of water quality and/or documentation of well construction
characteristics and geology with field evaluation.
Gross alpha particle activity means the total radioactivity due to
alpha particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
Gross beta particle activity means the total radioactivity due to
beta particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5) mean the sum of the concentrations in
milligrams per liter of the haloacetic acid compounds (monochloroacetic
acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid,
and dibromoacetic acid), rounded to two significant figures after
addition.
Halogen means one of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine or
iodine.
Initial compliance period means the first full three-year compliance
period which begins at least 18 months after promulgation, except for
contaminants listed at Sec. 141.61(a) (19)-(21), (c) (19)-(33), and
Sec. 141.62(b) (11)-(15), initial compliance period means the first full
three-year compliance period after promulgation for systems with 150 or
more service connections (January 1993-December 1995), and first full
three-year compliance period after the effective date of the regulation
(January 1996-December 1998) for systems having fewer than 150 service
connections.
Large water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only,
means a water system that serves more than 50,000 persons.
Lead service line means a service line made of lead which connects
the water main to the building inlet and any lead pigtail, gooseneck or
other fitting which is connected to such lead line.
Legionella means a genus of bacteria, some species of which have
caused a type of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease.
Man-made beta particle and photon emitters means all radionuclides
emitting beta particles and/or photons listed in Maximum Permissible
Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radionuclides in
Air or Water for Occupational Exposure, NBS Handbook 69, except the
daughter products of thorium-232, uranium-235 and uranium-238.
Maximum contaminant level means the maximum permissable level of a
contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a public water
system.
Maximum contaminant level goal or MCLG means the maximum level of a
contaminant in drinking water at

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which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons
would occur, and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Maximum
contaminant level goals are nonenforceable health goals.
Maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL) means a level of a
disinfectant added for water treatment that may not be exceeded at the
consumer's tap without an unacceptable possibility of adverse health
effects. For chlorine and chloramines, a PWS is in compliance with the
MRDL when the running annual average of monthly averages of samples
taken in the distribution system, computed quarterly, is less than or
equal to the MRDL. For chlorine dioxide, a PWS is in compliance with the
MRDL when daily samples are taken at the entrance to the distribution
system and no two consecutive daily samples exceed the MRDL. MRDLs are
enforceable in the same manner as maximum contaminant levels under
Section 1412 of the Safe Drinking Water Act. There is convincing
evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of
waterborne microbial contaminants. Notwithstanding the MRDLs listed in
Sec. 141.65, operators may increase residual disinfectant levels of
chlorine or chloramines (but not chlorine dioxide) in the distribution
system to a level and for a time necessary to protect public health to
address specific microbiological contamination problems caused by
circumstances such as distribution line breaks, storm runoff events,
source water contamination, or cross-connections.
Maximum residual disinfectant level goal (MRDLG) means the maximum
level of a disinfectant added for water treatment at which no known or
anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and
which allows an adequate margin of safety. MRDLGs are nonenforceable
health goals and do not reflect the benefit of the addition of the
chemical for control of waterborne microbial contaminants.
Maximum Total Trihalomethane Potential (MTP) means the maximum
concentration of total trihalomethanes produced in a given water
containing a disinfectant residual after 7 days at a temperature of 25
deg.C or above.
Medium-size water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part
only, means a water system that serves greater than 3,300 and less than
or equal to 50,000 persons.
Near the first service connection means at one of the 20 percent of
all service connections in the entire system that are nearest the water
supply treatment facility, as measured by water transport time within
the distribution system.
Non-community water system means a public water system that is not a
community water system. A non-community water system is either a
"transient non-community water system (TWS)" or a "non-transient non-
community water system (NTNCWS)."
Non-transient non-community water system or NTNCWS means a public
water system that is not a community water system and that regularly
serves at least 25 of the same persons over 6 months per year.
Optimal corrosion control treatment, for the purpose of subpart I of
this part only, means the corrosion control treatment that minimizes the
lead and copper concentrations at users' taps while insuring that the
treatment does not cause the water system to violate any national
primary drinking water regulations.
Performance evaluation sample means a reference sample provided to a
laboratory for the purpose of demonstrating that the laboratory can
successfully analyze the sample within limits of performance specified
by the Agency. The true value of the concentration of the reference
material is unknown to the laboratory at the time of the analysis.
Person means an individual; corporation; company; association;
partnership; municipality; or State, Federal, or tribal agency.
Picocurie (pCi) means the quantity of radioactive material producing
2.22 nuclear transformations per minute.
Point of disinfectant application is the point where the
disinfectant is applied and water downstream of that point is not
subject to recontamination by surface water runoff.
Point-of-entry treatment device is a treatment device applied to the
drinking water entering a house or building

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for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the drinking water
distributed throughout the house or building.
Point-of-use treatment device is a treatment device applied to a
single tap used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in drinking
water at that one tap.
Public water system means a system for the provision to the public
of water for human consumption through pipes or, after August 5, 1998,
other constructed conveyances, if such system has at least fifteen
service connections or regularly serves an average of at least twenty-
five individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year. Such term
includes: any collection, treatment, storage, and distribution
facilities under control of the operator of such system and used
primarily in connection with such system; and any collection or
pretreatment storage facilities not under such control which are used
primarily in connection with such system. Such term does not include any
"special irrigation district." A public water system is either a
"community water system" or a "noncommunity water system."
Rem means the unit of dose equivalent from ionizing radiation to the
total body or any internal organ or organ system. A "millirem (mrem)"
is 1/1000 of a rem.
Repeat compliance period means any subsequent compliance period
after the initial compliance period.
Residual disinfectant concentration ("C" in CT calculations) means
the concentration of disinfectant measured in mg/l in a representative
sample of water.
Sanitary survey means an onsite review of the water source,
facilities, equipment, operation and maintenance of a public water
system for the purpose of evaluating the adequacy of such source,
facilities, equipment, operation and maintenance for producing and
distributing safe drinking water.
Sedimentation means a process for removal of solids before
filtration by gravity or separation.
Service connection, as used in the definition of public water
system, does not include a connection to a system that delivers water by
a constructed conveyance other than a pipe if:
(1) The water is used exclusively for purposes other than
residential uses (consisting of drinking, bathing, and cooking, or other
similar uses);
(2) The State determines that alternative water to achieve the
equivalent level of public health protection provided by the applicable
national primary drinking water regulation is provided for residential
or similar uses for drinking and cooking; or
(3) The State determines that the water provided for residential or
similar uses for drinking, cooking, and bathing is centrally treated or
treated at the point of entry by the provider, a pass-through entity, or
the user to achieve the equivalent level of protection provided by the
applicable national primary drinking water regulations.
Service line sample means a one-liter sample of water collected in
accordance with Sec. 141.86(b)(3), that has been standing for at least 6
hours in a service line.
Single family structure, for the purpose of subpart I of this part
only, means a building constructed as a single-family residence that is
currently used as either a residence or a place of business.
Slow sand filtration means a process involving passage of raw water
through a bed of sand at low velocity (generally less than 0.4 m/h)
resulting in substantial particulate removal by physical and biological
mechanisms.
Small water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only,
means a water system that serves 3,300 persons or fewer.
Special irrigation district means an irrigation district in
existence prior to May 18, 1994 that provides primarily agricultural
service through a piped water system with only incidental residential or
similar use where the system or the residential or similar users of the
system comply with the exclusion provisions in section 1401(4)(B)(i)(II)
or (III).
Standard sample means the aliquot of finished drinking water that is
examined for the presence of coliform bacteria.
State means the agency of the State or Tribal government which has
jurisdiction over public water systems. During any period when a State
or Tribal

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government does not have primary enforcement responsibility pursuant to
section 1413 of the Act, the term "State" means the Regional
Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Subpart H systems means public water systems using surface water or
ground water under the direct influence of surface water as a source
that are subject to the requirements of subpart H of this part.
Supplier of water means any person who owns or operates a public
water system.
Surface water means all water which is open to the atmosphere and
subject to surface runoff.
SUVA means Specific Ultraviolet Absorption at 254 nanometers (nm),
an indicator of the humic content of water. It is a calculated parameter
obtained by dividing a sample's ultraviolet absorption at a wavelength
of 254 nm (UV <INF>254</INF>) (in m <SUP1) by its concentration
of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (in mg/L).
System with a single service connection means a system which
supplies drinking water to consumers via a single service line.
Too numerous to count means that the total number of bacterial
colonies exceeds 200 on a 47-mm diameter membrane filter used for
coliform detection.
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) means total organic carbon in mg/L
measured using heat, oxygen, ultraviolet irradiation, chemical oxidants,
or combinations of these oxidants that convert organic carbon to carbon
dioxide, rounded to two significant figures.
Total trihalomethanes (TTHM) means the sum of the concentration in
milligrams per liter of the trihalomethane compounds (trichloromethane
[chloroform], dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane and
tribromomethane [bromoform]), rounded to two significant figures.
Transient non-community water system or TWS means a non-community
water system that does not regularly serve at least 25 of the same
persons over six months per year.
Trihalomethane (THM) means one of the family of organic compounds,
named as derivatives of methane, wherein three of the four hydrogen
atoms in methane are each substituted by a halogen atom in the molecular
structure.
Uncovered finished water storage facility is a tank, reservoir, or
other facility used to store water that will undergo no further
treatment except residual disinfection and is open to the atmosphere.
Virus means a virus of fecal origin which is infectious to humans by
waterborne transmission.
Waterborne disease outbreak means the significant occurrence of
acute infectious illness, epidemiologically associated with the
ingestion of water from a public water system which is deficient in
treatment, as determined by the appropriate local or State agency.

[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 41 FR 28403, July 9, 1976; 44
FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979; 51 FR 11410, Apr. 2, 1986; 52 FR 20674, June 2,
1987; 52 FR 25712, July 8, 1987; 53 FR 37410, Sept. 26, 1988; 54 FR
27526, 27562, June 29, 1989; 56 FR 3578, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 26547,
June 7, 1991; 57 FR 31838, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34322, July 1, 1994; 61
FR 24368, May 14, 1996; 63 FR 23366, Apr. 28, 1998; 63 FR 69463, 69515,
Dec. 16, 1998]

Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7061, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.2 was
amended by revising the definition heading for "Point-of-entry
treatment device" to read "Point-of-entry treatment device (POE)" and
by revising the definition heading for "Point-of-use treatment device"
to read "Point-of-use treatment device (POU)", effective Mar. 23,
2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed
until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was
further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.3]

[Page 341]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart A--General

Sec. 141.3 Coverage.

This part shall apply to each public water system, unless the public
water system meets all of the following conditions:
(a) Consists only of distribution and storage facilities (and does
not have any collection and treatment facilities);
(b) Obtains all of its water from, but is not owned or operated by,
a public water system to which such regulations apply:
(c) Does not sell water to any person; and
(d) Is not a carrier which conveys passengers in interstate
commerce.

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[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.4]

[Page 342]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart A--General

Sec. 141.4 Variances and exemptions.

(a) Variances or exemptions from certain provisions of these
regulations may be granted pursuant to sections 1415 and 1416 of the Act
and subpart K of part 142 of this chapter (for small system variances)
by the entity with primary enforcement responsibility, except that
variances or exemptions from the MCL for total coliforms and variances
from any of the treatment technique requirements of subpart H of this
part may not be granted.
(b) EPA has stayed the effective date of this section relating to
the total coliform MCL of Sec. 141.63(a) for systems that demonstrate to
the State that the violation of the total coliform MCL is due to a
persistent growth of total coliforms in the distribution system rather
than fecal or pathogenic contamination, a treatment lapse or deficiency,
or a problem in the operation or maintenance of the distribution system.

[54 FR 27562, June 29, 1989, as amended at 56 FR 1557, Jan. 15, 1991; 63
FR 43846, Aug. 14, 1998]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.5]

[Page 342]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart A--General

Sec. 141.5 Siting requirements.

Before a person may enter into a financial commitment for or
initiate construction of a new public water system or increase the
capacity of an existing public water system, he shall notify the State
and, to the extent practicable, avoid locating part or all of the new or
expanded facility at a site which:
(a) Is subject to a significant risk from earthquakes, floods, fires
or other disasters which could cause a breakdown of the public water
system or a portion thereof; or
(b) Except for intake structures, is within the floodplain of a 100-
year flood or is lower than any recorded high tide where appropriate
records exist. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will not seek to
override land use decisions affecting public water systems siting which
are made at the State or local government levels.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.6]

[Page 342-343]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart A--General

Sec. 141.6 Effective dates.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (a) through (h) of this
section, and in Sec. 141.80(a)(2), the regulations set forth in this
part shall take effect on June 24, 1977.
(b) The regulations for total trihalomethanes set forth in
Sec. 141.12(c) shall take effect 2 years after the date of promulgation
of these regulations for community water systems serving 75,000 or more
individuals, and 4 years after the date of promulgation for communities
serving 10,000 to 74,999 individuals.
(c) The regulations set forth in Secs. 141.11 (a), (d) and (e);
141.14(a)(1); 141.14(b)(1)(i); 141.14(b)(2)(i); 141.14(d); 141.21 (a),
(c) and (i); 141.22 (a) and (e); 141.23 (a)(3) and (a)(4); 141.23(f);
141.24(a)(3); 141.24 (e) and (f); 141.25(e); 141.27(a); 141.28 (a) and
(b); 141.31 (a), (d) and (e); 141.32(b)(3); and 141.32(d) shall take
effect immediately upon promulgation.
(d) The regulations set forth in Sec. 141.41 shall take effect 18
months from the date of promulgation. Suppliers must complete the first
round of sampling and reporting within 12 months following the effective
date.
(e) The regulations set forth in Sec. 141.42 shall take effect 18
months from the date of promulgation. All requirements in Sec. 141.42
must be completed within 12 months following the effective date.
(f) The regulations set forth in Sec. 141.11(c) and Sec. 141.23(g)
are effective May 2, 1986. Section 141.23(g)(4) is effective October 2,
1987.
(g) The regulations contained in Sec. 141.6, paragraph (c) of the
table in 141.12, and 141.62(b)(1) are effective July 1, 1991. The
regulations contained in Secs. 141.11(b), 141.23, 141.24, 142.57(b),
143.4(b)(12) and (b)(13), are effective July 30, 1992. The regulations
contained in the revisions to Secs. 141.32(e) (16), (25) through (27)
and (46); 141.61(c)(16); and 141.62(b)(3) are effective January 1, 1993.
The effective date of regulations contained in Sec. 141.61(c) (2), (3),
and (4) is postponed.
(h) Regulations for the analytic methods listed at Sec. 141.23(k)(4)
for measuring antimony, beryllium, cyanide, nickel, and thallium are
effective August 17, 1992. Regulations for the analytic methods listed
at Sec. 141.24(f)(16) for dichloromethane, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and
1,1,2-trichloroethane are effective August 17, 1992. Regulations

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for the analytic methods listed at Sec. 141.24(h)(12) for measuring
dalapon, dinoseb, diquat, endothall, endrin, glyphosate, oxamyl,
picloram, simazine, benzo(a)pyrene, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, di(2-
ethylhexyl)phthalate, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, and
2,3,7,8-TCDD are effective August 17, 1992. The revision to
Sec. 141.12(a) promulgated on July 17, 1992 is effective on August 17,
1992.

[44 FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979, as amended at 45 FR 57342, Aug. 27, 1980;
47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 51 FR 11410, Apr. 2, 1986; 56 FR 30274, July
1, 1991; 57 FR 22178, May 27, 1992; 57 FR 31838, July 17, 1992; 59 FR
34322, July 1, 1994; 61 FR 24368, May 14, 1996]

Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7061, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.6 was
amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (c) and adding paragraphs (j) and
(k), effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the
effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001, and paragraph (j) was
amended by revising the last sentence. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the
effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002, and paragraph
(j) was amended by again revising the last sentence. For the convenience
of the user, the revised and added text is set forth as follows:

Sec. 141.6 Effective dates.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) through (k) of this
section, and in Sec. 141.80(a)(2), the regulations set forth in this
part shall take effect on June 24, 1977.

* * * * *

(c) The regulations set forth in Secs. 141.11(d); 141.21(a), (c) and
(i); 141.22(a) and (e); 141.23(a)(3) and (a)(4); 141.23(f); 141.24(e)
and (f); 141.25(e); 141.27(a); 141.28(a) and (b); 141.31(a), (d) and
(e); 141.32(b)(3); and 141.32(d) shall take effect immediately upon
promulgation.

* * * * *

(j) The arsenic maximum contaminant levels (MCL) listed in
Sec. 141.62 is effective for the purpose of compliance on January 23,
2006. Requirements relating to arsenic set forth in Secs. 141.23(i)(4),
141.23(k)(3) introductory text, 141.23(k)(3)(ii), 141.51(b), 141.62(b),
141.62(b)(16), 141.62(c), 141.62(d), and 142.62(b) revisions in Appendix
A of subpart O for the consumer confidence rule, and Appendices A and B
of subpart Q for the public notification rule are effective for the
purpose of compliance on January 23, 2006. However, the consumer
confidence rule reporting requirements relating to arsenic listed in
Sec. 141.154(b) and (f) are effective for the purpose of compliance on
February 22, 2002.
(k) Regulations set forth in Secs. 141.23(i)(1), 141.23(i)(2),
141.24(f)(15), 141.24(f)(22), 141.24(h)(11), 141.24(h)(20), 142.16(e),
142.16(j), and 142.16(k) are effective for the purpose of compliance on
January 22, 2004.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.11]

[Page 343-344]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels

Sec. 141.11 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic chemicals.

(a) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic applies only to
community water systems. Compliance with the MCL for arsenic is
calculated pursuant to Sec. 141.23.
(b) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic is 0.05 milligrams per
liter.
(c) [Reserved]
(d) At the discretion of the State, nitrate levels not to exceed 20
mg/l may be allowed in a non-community water system if the supplier of
water demonstrates to the satisfaction of the State that:
(1) Such water will not be available to children under 6 months of
age; and
(2) The non-community water system is meeting the public
notification requirements under Sec. 141.209, including continuous
posting of the fact that nitrate levels exceed 10 mg/l and the potential
health effects of exposure; and
(3) Local and State public health authorities will be notified
annually of nitrate levels that exceed 10 mg/l; and
(4) No adverse health effects shall result.

[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 45 FR 57342, Aug. 27, 1980;
47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 51 FR 11410, Apr. 2, 1986; 56 FR 3578, Jan.
30, 1991; 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 30274, July 1, 1991; 56 FR
32113, July 15, 1991; 60 FR 33932, June 29, 1995; 65 FR 26022, May 4,
2000]

Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7061, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.11 was
amended by revising the second sentence of paragraph (a) and revising
paragraph (b), effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001,
the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May
22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002.
For the convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as
follows:

Sec. 141.11 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic chemicals.

(a) * * * The analyses and determination of compliance with the 0.05
milligrams per liter

[[Page 344]]

maximum contaminant level for arsenic use the requirements of
Sec. 141.23.
(b) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic is 0.05 milligrams per
liter for community water systems until January 23, 2006.

* * * * *

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.11]

[Page 343-344]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels

Sec. 141.11 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic chemicals.

(a) * * * The analyses and determination of compliance with the 0.05
milligrams per liter

[[Page 344]]

* * * * *

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.12]

[Page 344]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels

Sec. 141.12 Maximum contaminant levels for total trihalomethanes.

The maximum contaminant level of 0.10 mg/L for total trihalomethanes
(the sum of the concentrations of bromodichloromethane,
dibromochloromethane, tribromomethane (bromoform), and trichloromethane
(chloroform)) applies to subpart H community water systems which serve a
population of 10,000 people or more until December 31, 2001. This level
applies to community water systems that use only ground water not under
the direct influence of surface water and serve a population of 10,000
people or more until December 31, 2003. Compliance with the maximum
contaminant level for total trihalomethanes is calculated pursuant to
Sec. 141.30. After December 31, 2003, this section is no longer
applicable.

[63 FR 69463, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.13]

[Page 344]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels

Sec. 141.13 Maximum contaminant levels for turbidity.

The maximum contaminant levels for turbidity are applicable to both
community water systems and non-community water systems using surface
water sources in whole or in part. The maximum contaminant levels for
turbidity in drinking water, measured at a representative entry point(s)
to the distribution system, are:

Editorial Note: At 54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, Sec. 141.13 was
amended by adding introductory text, effective December 31, 1990.
However, introductory text already exists. The recently added text
follows.
The requirements in this section apply to unfiltered systems until
December 30, 1991, unless the State has determined prior to that date,
in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), that filtration is
required. The requirements in this section apply to filtered systems
until June 29, 1993. The requirements in this section apply to
unfiltered systems that the State has determined, in writing pursuant to
Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), must install filtration, until June 29, 1993,
or until filtration is installed, whichever is later.
(a) One turbidity unit (TU), as determined by a monthly average
pursuant to Sec. 141.22, except that five or fewer turbidity units may
be allowed if the supplier of water can demonstrate to the State that
the higher turbidity does not do any of the following:
(1) Interfere with disinfection;
(2) Prevent maintenance of an effective disinfectant agent
throughout the distribution system; or
(3) Interfere with microbiological determinations.
(b) Five turbidity units based on an average for two consecutive
days pursuant to Sec. 141.22.

[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.15]

[Page 344]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels

Sec. 141.15 Maximum contaminant levels for radium-226, radium-228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity in community water systems.

The following are the maximum contaminant levels for radium-226,
radium-228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity:
(a) Combined radium-226 and radium-228--5 pCi/1.
(b) Gross alpha particle activity (including radium-226 but
excluding radon and uranium)--15 pCi/1.

[41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976]

Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76745, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.15 was
removed, effective Dec. 8, 2003.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.16]

[Page 344-345]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels

Sec. 141.16 Maximum contaminant levels for beta particle and photon radioactivity from man-made radionuclides in community water systems.

(a) The average annual concentration of beta particle and photon
radioactivity from man-made radionuclides in drinking water shall not
produce an annual dose equivalent to the total body or any internal
organ greater than 4 millirem/year.
(b) Except for the radionuclides listed in Table A, the
concentration of man-made radionuclides causing 4 mrem total body or
organ dose equivalents shall be calculated on the basis of a 2 liter per
day drinking water intake

[[Page 345]]

using the 168 hour data listed in "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and
Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radionuclides in Air or Water for
Occupational Exposure," NBS Handbook 69 as amended August 1963, U.S.
Department of Commerce. If two or more radionuclides are present, the
sum of their annual dose equivalent to the total body or to any organ
shall not exceed 4 millirem/year.

Table A--Average Annual Concentrations Assumed to Produce a Total Body
or Organ Dose of 4 mrem/yr
------------------------------------------------------------------------
pCi per
Radionuclide Critical organ liter
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tritium.............................. Total body.............. 20,000
Strontium-90......................... Bone marrow............. 8
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976]

Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76745, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.16 was
removed, effective Dec. 8, 2003.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.21]

[Page 345-352]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements

Sec. 141.21 Coliform sampling.

(a) Routine monitoring. (1) Public water systems must collect total
coliform samples at sites which are representative of water throughout
the distribution system according to a written sample siting plan. These
plans are subject to State review and revision.
(2) The monitoring frequency for total coliforms for community water
systems is based on the population served by the system, as follows:

Total Coliform Monitoring Frequency for Community Water Systems
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Minimum
number of
Population served samples
per month
------------------------------------------------------------------------
25 to 1,000 \1\.............................................. 1
1,001 to 2,500............................................... 2
2,501 to 3,300............................................... 3
3,301 to 4,100............................................... 4
4,101 to 4,900............................................... 5
4,901 to 5,800............................................... 6
5,801 to 6,700............................................... 7
6,701 to 7,600............................................... 8
7,601 to 8,500............................................... 9
8,501 to 12,900.............................................. 10
12,901 to 17,200............................................. 15
17,201 to 21,500............................................. 20
21,501 to 25,000............................................. 25
25,001 to 33,000............................................. 30
33,001 to 41,000............................................. 40
41,001 to 50,000............................................. 50
50,001 to 59,000............................................. 60
59,001 to 70,000............................................. 70
70,001 to 83,000............................................. 80
83,001 to 96,000............................................. 90
96,001 to 130,000............................................ 100
130,001 to 220,000........................................... 120
220,001 to 320,000........................................... 150
320,001 to 450,000........................................... 180
450,001 to 600,000........................................... 210
600,001 to 780,000........................................... 240
780,001 to 970,000........................................... 270
970,001 to 1,230,000......................................... 300
1,230,001 to 1,520,000....................................... 330
1,520,001 to 1,850,000....................................... 360
1,850,001 to 2,270,000....................................... 390
2,270,001 to 3,020,000....................................... 420
3,020,001 to 3,960,000....................................... 450
3,960,001 or more............................................ 480
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Includes public water systems which have at least 15 service
connections, but serve fewer than 25 persons.

If a community water system serving 25 to 1,000 persons has no history
of total coliform contamination in its current configuration and a
sanitary survey conducted in the past five years shows that the system
is supplied solely by a protected groundwater source and is free of
sanitary defects, the State may reduce the monitoring frequency
specified above, except that in no case may the State reduce the
monitoring frequency to less than one sample per quarter. The State must
approve the reduced monitoring frequency in writing.
(3) The monitoring frequency for total coliforms for non-community
water systems is as follows:
(i) A non-community water system using only ground water (except
ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in
Sec. 141.2) and serving 1,000 persons or fewer must monitor each
calendar quarter that the system provides water to the public, except
that the State may reduce this monitoring frequency, in writing, if a
sanitary survey shows that the system is free of sanitary defects.
Beginning June 29, 1994, the State cannot reduce the monitoring
frequency for a non-community water

[[Page 346]]

system using only ground water (except ground water under the direct
influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2) and serving 1,000
persons or fewer to less than once/year.
(ii) A non-community water system using only ground water (except
ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in
Sec. 141.2) and serving more than 1,000 persons during any month must
monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized community water system, as
specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, except the State may
reduce this monitoring frequency, in writing, for any month the system
serves 1,000 persons or fewer. The State cannot reduce the monitoring
frequency to less than once/year. For systems using ground water under
the direct influence of surface water, paragraph (a)(3)(iv) of this
section applies.
(iii) A non-community water system using surface water, in total or
in part, must monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized community
water system, as specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section,
regardless of the number of persons it serves.
(iv) A non-community water system using ground water under the
direct influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2, must
monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized community water system, as
specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. The system must begin
monitoring at this frequency beginning six months after the State
determines that the ground water is under the direct influence of
surface water.
(4) The public water system must collect samples at regular time
intervals throughout the month, except that a system which uses only
ground water (except ground water under the direct influence of surface
water, as defined in Sec. 141.2), and serves 4,900 persons or fewer, may
collect all required samples on a single day if they are taken from
different sites.
(5) A public water system that uses surface water or ground water
under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2,
and does not practice filtration in compliance with Subpart H must
collect at least one sample near the first service connection each day
the turbidity level of the source water, measured as specified in
Sec. 141.74(b)(2), exceeds 1 NTU. This sample must be analyzed for the
presence of total coliforms. When one or more turbidity measurements in
any day exceed 1 NTU, the system must collect this coliform sample
within 24 hours of the first exceedance, unless the State determines
that the system, for logistical reasons outside the system's control,
cannot have the sample analyzed within 30 hours of collection. Sample
results from this coliform monitoring must be included in determining
compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63.
(6) Special purpose samples, such as those taken to determine
whether disinfection practices are sufficient following pipe placement,
replacement, or repair, shall not be used to determine compliance with
the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63. Repeat samples taken
pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section are not considered special
purpose samples, and must be used to determine compliance with the MCL
for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63.
(b) Repeat monitoring. (1) If a routine sample is total coliform-
positive, the public water system must collect a set of repeat samples
within 24 hours of being notified of the positive result. A system which
collects more than one routine sample/month must collect no fewer than
three repeat samples for each total coliform-positive sample found. A
system which collects one routine sample/month or fewer must collect no
fewer than four repeat samples for each total coliform-positive sample
found. The State may extend the 24-hour limit on a case-by-case basis if
the system has a logistical problem in collecting the repeat samples
within 24 hours that is beyond its control. In the case of an extension,
the State must specify how much time the system has to collect the
repeat samples.
(2) The system must collect at least one repeat sample from the
sampling tap where the original total coliform-positive sample was
taken, and at least one repeat sample at a tap within five service
connections upstream and at least one repeat sample at a tap within five
service connections downstream of

[[Page 347]]

the original sampling site. If a total coliform-positive sample is at
the end of the distribution system, or one away from the end of the
distribution system, the State may waive the requirement to collect at
least one repeat sample upstream or downstream of the original sampling
site.
(3) The system must collect all repeat samples on the same day,
except that the State may allow a system with a single service
connection to collect the required set of repeat samples over a four-day
period or to collect a larger volume repeat sample(s) in one or more
sample containers of any size, as long as the total volume collected is
at least 400 ml (300 ml for systems which collect more than one routine
sample/month).
(4) If one or more repeat samples in the set is total coliform-
positive, the public water system must collect an additional set of
repeat samples in the manner specified in paragraphs (b) (1)-(3) of this
section. The additional samples must be collected within 24 hours of
being notified of the positive result, unless the State extends the
limit as provided in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. The system must
repeat this process until either total coliforms are not detected in one
complete set of repeat samples or the system determines that the MCL for
total coliforms in Sec. 141.63 has been exceeded and notifies the State.
(5) If a system collecting fewer than five routine samples/month has
one or more total coliform-positive samples and the State does not
invalidate the sample(s) under paragraph (c) of this section, it must
collect at least five routine samples during the next month the system
provides water to the public, except that the State may waive this
requirement if the conditions of paragraph (b)(5) (i) or (ii) of this
section are met. The State cannot waive the requirement for a system to
collect repeat samples in paragraphs (b) (1)-(4) of this section.
(i) The State may waive the requirement to collect five routine
samples the next month the system provides water to the public if the
State, or an agent approved by the State, performs a site visit before
the end of the next month the system provides water to the public.
Although a sanitary survey need not be performed, the site visit must be
sufficiently detailed to allow the State to determine whether additional
monitoring and/or any corrective action is needed. The State cannot
approve an employee of the system to perform this site visit, even if
the employee is an agent approved by the State to perform sanitary
surveys.
(ii) The State may waive the requirement to collect five routine
samples the next month the system provides water to the public if the
State has determined why the sample was total coliform-positive and
establishes that the system has corrected the problem or will correct
the problem before the end of the next month the system serves water to
the public. In this case, the State must document this decision to waive
the following month's additional monitoring requirement in writing, have
it approved and signed by the supervisor of the State official who
recommends such a decision, and make this document available to the EPA
and public. The written documentation must describe the specific cause
of the total coliform-positive sample and what action the system has
taken and/or will take to correct this problem. The State cannot waive
the requirement to collect five routine samples the next month the
system provides water to the public solely on the grounds that all
repeat samples are total coliform-negative. Under this paragraph, a
system must still take at least one routine sample before the end of the
next month it serves water to the public and use it to determine
compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63, unless the
State has determined that the system has corrected the contamination
problem before the system took the set of repeat samples required in
paragraphs (b) (1)-(4) of this section, and all repeat samples were
total coliform-negative.
(6) After a system collects a routine sample and before it learns
the results of the analysis of that sample, if it collects another
routine sample(s) from within five adjacent service connections of the
initial sample, and the initial sample, after analysis, is found to

[[Page 348]]

contain total coliforms, then the system may count the subsequent
sample(s) as a repeat sample instead of as a routine sample.
(7) Results of all routine and repeat samples not invalidated by the
State must be included in determining compliance with the MCL for total
coliforms in Sec. 141.63.
(c) Invalidation of total coliform samples. A total coliform-
positive sample invalidated under this paragraph (c) does not count
towards meeting the minimum monitoring requirements of this section.
(1) The State may invalidate a total coliform-positive sample only
if the conditions of paragraph (c)(1) (i), (ii), or (iii) of this
section are met.
(i) The laboratory establishes that improper sample analysis caused
the total coliform-positive result.
(ii) The State, on the basis of the results of repeat samples
collected as required by paragraphs (b) (1) through (4) of this section,
determines that the total coliform-positive sample resulted from a
domestic or other non-distribution system plumbing problem. The State
cannot invalidate a sample on the basis of repeat sample results unless
all repeat sample(s) collected at the same tap as the original total
coliform-positive sample are also total coliform-positive, and all
repeat samples collected within five service connections of the original
tap are total coliform-negative (e.g., a State cannot invalidate a total
coliform-positive sample on the basis of repeat samples if all the
repeat samples are total coliform-negative, or if the public water
system has only one service connection).
(iii) The State has substantial grounds to believe that a total
coliform-positive result is due to a circumstance or condition which
does not reflect water quality in the distribution system. In this case,
the system must still collect all repeat samples required under
paragraphs (b) (1)-(4) of this section, and use them to determine
compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63. To
invalidate a total coliform-positive sample under this paragraph, the
decision with the rationale for the decision must be documented in
writing, and approved and signed by the supervisor of the State official
who recommended the decision. The State must make this document
available to EPA and the public. The written documentation must state
the specific cause of the total coliform-positive sample, and what
action the system has taken, or will take, to correct this problem. The
State may not invalidate a total coliform-positive sample solely on the
grounds that all repeat samples are total coliform-negative.
(2) A laboratory must invalidate a total coliform sample (unless
total coliforms are detected) if the sample produces a turbid culture in
the absence of gas production using an analytical method where gas
formation is examined (e.g., the Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique),
produces a turbid culture in the absence of an acid reaction in the
Presence-Absence (P-A) Coliform Test, or exhibits confluent growth or
produces colonies too numerous to count with an analytical method using
a membrane filter (e.g., Membrane Filter Technique). If a laboratory
invalidates a sample because of such interference, the system must
collect another sample from the same location as the original sample
within 24 hours of being notified of the interference problem, and have
it analyzed for the presence of total coliforms. The system must
continue to re-sample within 24 hours and have the samples analyzed
until it obtains a valid result. The State may waive the 24-hour time
limit on a case-by-case basis.
(d) Sanitary surveys. (1)(i) Public water systems which do not
collect five or more routine samples/month must undergo an initial
sanitary survey by June 29, 1994, for community public water systems and
June 29, 1999, for non-community water systems. Thereafter, systems must
undergo another sanitary survey every five years, except that non-
community water systems using only protected and disinfected ground
water, as defined by the State, must undergo subsequent sanitary surveys
at least every ten years after the initial sanitary survey. The State
must review the results of each sanitary survey to determine whether the
existing monitoring frequency is adequate and what additional

[[Page 349]]

measures, if any, the system needs to undertake to improve drinking
water quality.
(ii) In conducting a sanitary survey of a system using ground water
in a State having an EPA-approved wellhead protection program under
section 1428 of the Safe Drinking Water Act, information on sources of
contamination within the delineated wellhead protection area that was
collected in the course of developing and implementing the program
should be considered instead of collecting new information, if the
information was collected since the last time the system was subject to
a sanitary survey.
(2) Sanitary surveys must be performed by the State or an agent
approved by the State. The system is responsible for ensuring the survey
takes place.
(e) Fecal coliforms/Escherichia coli (E. coli) testing. (1) If any
routine or repeat sample is total coliform-positive, the system must
analyze that total coliform-positive culture medium to determine if
fecal coliforms are present, except that the system may test for E. coli
in lieu of fecal coliforms. If fecal coliforms or E. coli are present,
the system must notify the State by the end of the day when the system
is notified of the test result, unless the system is notified of the
result after the State office is closed, in which case the system must
notify the State before the end of the next business day.
(2) The State has the discretion to allow a public water system, on
a case-by-case basis, to forgo fecal coliform or E. coli testing on a
total coliform-positive sample if that system assumes that the total
coliform-positive sample is fecal coliform-positive or E. coli-positive.
Accordingly, the system must notify the State as specified in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section and the provisions of Sec. 141.63(b) apply.
(f) Analytical methodology. (1) The standard sample volume required
for total coliform analysis, regardless of analytical method used, is
100 ml.
(2) Public water systems need only determine the presence or absence
of total coliforms; a determination of total coliform density is not
required.
(3) Public water systems must conduct total coliform analyses in
accordance with one of the analytical methods in the following table.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Organism Methodology \12\ Citation \1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Coliforms \2\........................... Total Coliform Fermentation 9221A, B
Technique 3,4,5.
Total Coliform.................... 9222
Membrane Filter................... A, B, C
Technique \6\.....................
Presence-Absence.................. 9221
(P-A) Coliform Test \5,7\.........
ONPG-MUG Test \8\................. 9223
Colisure Test \9\
E*Colite<Register> Test \10\
m-ColiBlue24<Register> Test \11\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed below. The incorporation by reference of the following documents listed in
footnotes 1, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11 was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies of
the documents may be obtained from the sources listed below. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking
Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460
(Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20408.
\1\ Methods 9221 A, B; 9222 A, B, C; 9221 D and 9223 are contained in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition (1992)
and 19th edition (1995) American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20005; either edition may be used.
\2\ The time from sample collection to initiation of analysis may not exceed 30 hours. Systems are encouraged but not required to hold samples below 10
deg.C during transit.
\3\ Lactose broth, as commercially available, may be used in lieu of lauryl tryptose broth, if the system conducts at least 25 parallel tests between
this medium and lauryl tryptose broth using the water normally tested, and this comparison demonstrates that the false-positive rate and false-
negative rate for total coliform, using lactose broth, is less than 10 percent.
\4\ If inverted tubes are used to detect gas production, the media should cover these tubes at least one-half to two-thirds after the sample is added.
\5\ No requirement exists to run the completed phase on 10 percent of all total coliform-positive confirmed tubes.
\6\ MI agar also may be used. Preparation and use of MI agar is set forth in the article, "New medium for the simultaneous detection of total coliform
and Escherichia coli in water" by Brenner, K.P., et al., 1993, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3534-3544. Also available from the Office of Water
Resource Center (RC-4100), 401 M. Street SW, Washington, DC 20460, EPA/600/J-99/225.
\7\ Six-times formulation strength may be used if the medium is filter-sterilized rather than autoclaved.
\8\ The ONPG-MUG Test is also known as the Autoanalysis Colilert System.

[[Page 350]]

\9\ A description of the Colisure Test, Feb 28, 1994, may be obtained from IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine 04092. The
Colisure Test may be read after an incubation time of 24 hours.
\10\ A description of the E*Colite<Register> Test, "Presence/Absence for Coliforms and E. Coli in Water," Dec 21, 1997, is available from Charm
Sciences, Inc., 36 Franklin Street, Malden, MA 02148-4120.
\11\ A description of the m-ColiBlue24<Register> Test, Aug 17, 1999, is available from the Hach Company, 100 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010.
\12\ EPA strongly recommends that laboratories evaluate the false-positive and negative rates for the method(s) they use for monitoring total coliforms.
EPA also encourages laboratories to establish false-positive and false-negative rates within their own laboratory and sample matrix (drinking water or
source water) with the intent that if the method they choose has an unacceptable false-positive or negative rate, another method can be used. The
Agency suggests that laboratories perform these studies on a minimum of 5% of all total coliform-positive samples, except for those methods where
verification/confirmation is already required, e.g., the M-Endo and LES Endo Membrane Filter Tests, Standard Total Coliform Fermentation Technique,
and Presence-Absence Coliform Test. Methods for establishing false-positive and negative-rates may be based on lactose fermentation, the rapid test
for <greek-b>-galactosidase and cytochrome oxidase, multi-test identification systems, or equivalent confirmation tests. False-positive and false-
negative information is often available in published studies and/or from the manufacturer(s).

(4) [Reserved]
(5) Public water systems must conduct fecal coliform analysis in
accordance with the following procedure. When the MTF Technique or
Presence-Absence (PA) Coliform Test is used to test for total coliforms,
shake the lactose-positive presumptive tube or P-A vigorously and
transfer the growth with a sterile 3-mm loop or sterile applicator stick
into brilliant green lactose bile broth and EC medium to determine the
presence of total and fecal coliforms, respectively. For EPA-approved
analytical methods which use a membrane filter, transfer the total
coliform-positive culture by one of the following methods: remove the
membrane containing the total coliform colonies from the substrate with
a sterile forceps and carefully curl and insert the membrane into a tube
of EC medium (the laboratory may first remove a small portion of
selected colonies for verification), swab the entire membrane filter
surface with a sterile cotton swab and transfer the inoculum to EC
medium (do not leave the cotton swab in the EC medium), or inoculate
individual total coliform-positive colonies into EC Medium. Gently shake
the inoculated tubes of EC medium to insure adequate mixing and incubate
in a waterbath at 44.5 <plus-minus> 0.2 deg.C for 24 <plus-minus> 2
hours. Gas production of any amount in the inner fermentation tube of
the EC medium indicates a positive fecal coliform test. The preparation
of EC medium is described in Method 9221E (paragraph 1a) in Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, 1992
and in the 19th edition, 1995; either edition may be used. Public water
systems need only determine the presence or absence of fecal coliforms;
a determination of fecal coliform density is not required.
(6) Public water systems must conduct analysis of Escherichia coli
in accordance with one of the following analytical methods:
(i) EC medium supplemented with 50 <greek-m>g/ml of 4-
methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) (final concentration). EC
medium is described in Method 9221 E as referenced in paragraph (f)(5)
of this section. MUG may be added to EC medium before autoclaving. EC
medium supplemented with 50 <greek-m>g/ml of MUG is commercially
available. At least 10 ml of EC medium supplemented with MUG must be
used. The inner inverted fermentation tube may be omitted. The procedure
for transferring a total coliform-positive culture to EC medium
supplemented with MUG shall be as specified in paragraph (f)(5) of this
section for transferring a total coliform-positive culture to EC medium.
Observe fluorescence with an ultraviolet light (366 nm) in the dark
after incubating tube at 44.5 <plus-minus> 0.2 deg.C for 24
<plus-minus> 2 hours; or
(ii) Nutrient agar supplemented with 100 <greek-m>g/ml 4-
methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) (final concentration).
Nutrient Agar is described in Method 9221 B (paragraph 3) in Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, 1992
and in the 19th edition, 1995; either edition may be used. This test is
used to determine if a total coliform-positive sample, as determined by
the Membrane Filter Technique or any other method in which a membrane
filter is used, contains E. coli. Transfer the membrane filter
containing a total coliform colony(ies) to nutrient agar supplemented
with 100 <greek-m>g/ml (final concentration) of MUG. After incubating
the agar plate at 35 deg.C for 4 hours, observe the colony(ies) under
ultraviolet

[[Page 351]]

light (366 nm) in the dark for fluorescence. If fluorescence is visible,
E. coli are present.
(iii) Minimal Medium ONPG-MUG (MMO-MUG) Test, as set forth in the
article "National Field Evaluation of a Defined Substrate Method for
the Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli from
Drinking Water: Comparison with Presence-Absence Techniques" (Edberg et
al.), Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Volume 55, pp. 1003-1008,
April 1989. (Note: The Autoanalysis Colilert System is an MMO-MUG test).
If the MMO-MUG test is total coliform-positive after a 24-hour
incubation, test the medium for fluorescence with a 366-nm ultraviolet
light (preferably with a 6-watt lamp) in the dark. If fluorescence is
observed, the sample is E. coli-positive. If fluorescence is
questionable (cannot be definitively read) after 24 hours incubation,
incubate the culture for an additional four hours (but not to exceed 28
hours total), and again test the medium for fluorescence. The MMO-MUG
Test with hepes buffer in lieu of phosphate buffer is the only approved
formulation for the detection of E. coli.
(iv) The Colisure Test. A description of the Colisure Test may be
obtained from the Millipore Corporation, Technical Services Department,
80 Ashby Road, Bedford, MA 01730.
(v) The membrane filter method with MI agar, a description of which
is cited in footnote 6 to the table in paragraph (f)(3) of this section.
(vi) E*Colite Test, a description of which is cited in
footnote 10 to the table at paragraph (f)(3) of this section.
(vii) m-ColiBlue24 Test, a description of which is cited
in footnote 11 to the table in paragraph (f)(3) of this section.
(7) As an option to paragraph (f)(6)(iii) of this section, a system
with a total coliform-positive, MUG-negative, MMO-MUG test may further
analyze the culture for the presence of E. coli by transferring a 0.1
ml, 28-hour MMO-MUG culture to EC Medium + MUG with a pipet. The
formulation and incubation conditions of EC Medium + MUG, and
observation of the results are described in paragraph (f)(6)(i) of this
section.
(8) The following materials are incorporated by reference in this
section with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register in
accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the
analytical methods cited in Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater (18th and 19th editions) may be obtained from the
American Public Health Association et al.; 1015 Fifteenth Street NW.,
Washington, DC 20005. Copies of the methods set forth in Microbiological
Methods for Monitoring the Environment, Water and Wastes may be obtained
from ORD Publications, U.S. EPA, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. Copies of the MMO-MUG Test as set forth in the
article "National Field Evaluation of a Defined Substrate Method for
the Simultaneous Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli
from Drinking Water: Comparison with the Standard Multiple Tube
Fermentation Method" (Edberg et al.) may be obtained from the American
Water Works Association Research Foundation, 6666 West Quincy Avenue,
Denver, CO 80235. A description of the Colisure Test may be obtained
from the Millipore Corp., Technical Services Department, 80 Ashby Road,
Bedford, MA 01730. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water
Docket; 401 M St., SW.; Washington, DC 20460, or at the Office of the
Federal Register; 800 North Capitol Street, NW., suite 700, Washington,
DC.
(g) Response to violation. (1) A public water system which has
exceeded the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63 must report the
violation to the State no later than the end of the next business day
after it learns of the violation, and notify the public in accordance
with subpart Q.
(2) A public water system which has failed to comply with a coliform
monitoring requirement, including the sanitary survey requirement, must
report the monitoring violation to the State

[[Page 352]]

within ten days after the system discovers the violation, and notify the
public in accordance with subpart Q.

[54 FR 27562, June 29, 1989, as amended at 54 FR 30001, July 17, 1989;
55 FR 25064, June 19, 1990; 56 FR 642, Jan. 8, 1991; 57 FR 1852, Jan.
15, 1992; 57 FR 24747, June 10, 1992; 59 FR 62466, Dec. 5, 1994; 60 FR
34085, June 29, 1995; 64 FR 67461, Dec. 1, 1999; 65 FR 26022, May 4,
2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.22]

[Page 352]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements

Sec. 141.22 Turbidity sampling and analytical requirements.

The requirements in this section apply to unfiltered systems until
December 30, 1991, unless the State has determined prior to that date,
in writing pursuant to section 1412(b)(7)(iii), that filtration is
required. The requirements in this section apply to filtered systems
until June 29, 1993. The requirements in this section apply to
unfiltered systems that the State has determined, in writing pursuant to
section 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), must install filtration, until June 29,
1993, or until filtration is installed, whichever is later.
(a) Samples shall be taken by suppliers of water for both community
and non-community water systems at a representative entry point(s) to
the water distribution system at least once per day, for the purposes of
making turbidity measurements to determine compliance with Sec. 141.13.
If the State determines that a reduced sampling frequency in a non-
community will not pose a risk to public health, it can reduce the
required sampling frequency. The option of reducing the turbidity
frequency shall be permitted only in those public water systems that
practice disinfection and which maintain an active residual disinfectant
in the distribution system, and in those cases where the State has
indicated in writing that no unreasonable risk to health existed under
the circumstances of this option. Turbidity measurements shall be made
as directed in Sec. 141.74(a)(1).
(b) If the result of a turbidity analysis indicates that the maximum
allowable limit has been exceeded, the sampling and measurement shall be
confirmed by resampling as soon as practicable and preferably within one
hour. If the repeat sample confirms that the maximum allowable limit has
been exceeded, the supplier of water shall report to the State within 48
hours. The repeat sample shall be the sample used for the purpose of
calculating the monthly average. If the monthly average of the daily
samples exceeds the maximum allowable limit, or if the average of two
samples taken on consecutive days exceeds 5 TU, the supplier of water
shall report to the State and notify the public as directed in
Secs. 141.31 and subpart Q.
(c) Sampling for non-community water systems shall begin within two
years after the effective date of this part.
(d) The requirements of this Sec. 141.22 shall apply only to public
water systems which use water obtained in whole or in part from surface
sources.
(e) The State has the authority to determine compliance or initiate
enforcement action based upon analytical results or other information
compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies.

[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 45 FR 57344, Aug. 27, 1980;
47 FR 8998, Mar. 3, 1982; 47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 54 FR 27527, June
29, 1989; 59 FR 62466, Dec. 5, 1994; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.23]

[Page 352-366]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements

Sec. 141.23 Inorganic chemical sampling and analytical requirements.

Community water systems shall conduct monitoring to determine
compliance with the maximum contaminant levels specified in Sec. 141.62
in accordance with this section. Non-transient, non-community water
systems shall conduct monitoring to determine compliance with the
maximum contaminant levels specified in Sec. 141.62 in accordance with
this section. Transient, non-community water systems shall conduct
monitoring to determine compliance with the nitrate and nitrite maximum
contaminant levels in Secs. 141.11 and 141.62 (as appropriate) in
accordance with this section.
(a) Monitoring shall be conducted as follows:
(1) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every
entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each
well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point) beginning in
the initial compliance period. The system shall take each sample at the
same sampling

[[Page 353]]

point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative
of each source or treatment plant.
(2) Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at
every entry point to the distribution system after any application of
treatment or in the distribution system at a point which is
representative of each source after treatment (hereafter called a
sampling point) beginning in the initial compliance period. The system
shall take each sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make
another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment
plant.
Note: For purposes of this paragraph, surface water systems include
systems with a combination of surface and ground sources.
(3) If a system draws water from more than one source and the
sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an
entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal
operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources
being used).
(4) The State may reduce the total number of samples which must be
analyzed by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a
maximum of five samples are allowed, provided that the detection limit
of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL.
Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory.
(i) If the concentration in the composite sample is greater than or
equal to one-fifth of the MCL of any inorganic chemical, then a follow-
up sample must be taken within 14 days at each sampling point included
in the composite. These samples must be analyzed for the contaminants
which exceeded one-fifth of the MCL in the composite sample. Detection
limits for each analytical method and MCLs for each inorganic
contaminant are the following:

Detection Limits for Inorganic Contaminants
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Detection
Contaminant MCL (mg/l) Methodology limit (mg/l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antimony.................. 0.006...... Atomic 0.003
Absorption;
Furnace.
Atomic 0.0008 \5\
Absorption;
Platform.
ICP-Mass 0.0004
Spectrometry.
Hydride-Atomic 0.001
Absorption.
Asbestos.................. 7 MFL \1\.. Transmission 0.01 MFL
Electron
Microscopy.
Barium.................... 2.......... Atomic 0.002
Absorption;
furnace
technique.
Atomic 0.1
Absorption;
direct
aspiration.
Inductively 0.002 (0.001)
Coupled Plasma.
Beryllium................. 0.004...... Atomic 0.0002
Absorption;
Furnace.
Atomic 0.00002 \5\
Absorption;
Platform.
Inductively 0.0003
Coupled Plasma
\2\.
ICP-Mass 0.0003
Spectrometry.
Cadmium................... 0.005...... Atomic 0.0001
Absorption;
furnace
technique.
Inductively 0.001
Coupled Plasma.
Chromium.................. 0.1........ Atomic 0.001
Absorption;
furnace
technique.
Inductively 0.007 (0.001)
Coupled Plasma.
Cyanide................... 0.2........ Distillation, 0.02
Spectrophotomet
ric \3\.
Distillation, 0.005
Automated,
Spectrophotomet
ric \3\.
Distillation, 0.05
Selective
Electrode \3\.
Distillation, 0.02
Amenable,
Spectrophotomet
ric \4\.
Mercury................... 0.002...... Manual Cold 0.0002
Vapor Technique.
Automated Cold 0.0002
Vapor Technique.
Nickel.................... xl......... Atomic 0.001
Absorption;
Furnace.
Atomic 0.0006 \5\
Absorption;
Platform.
Inductively 0.005
Coupled Plasma
\2\.
ICP-Mass 0.0005
Spectrometry.
Nitrate................... 10 (as N).. Manual Cadmium 0.01
Reduction.
Automated 0.01
Hydrazine
Reduction.
Automated 0.05
Cadmium
Reduction.
Ion Selective 1
Electrode.
Ion 0.01
Chromatography.
Nitrite................... 1 (as N)... Spectrophotometr 0.01
ic.
Automated 0.05
Cadmium
Reduction.
Manual Cadmium 0.01
Reduction.
Ion 0.004
Chromatography.
Selenium.................. 0.05....... Atomic 0.002
Absorption;
furnace.
Atomic 0.002
Absorption;
gaseous hydride.
Thallium.................. 0.002...... Atomic 0.001
Absorption;
Furnace.

[[Page 354]]

Atomic 0.0007 \5\
Absorption;
Platform.
ICP-Mass 0.0003
Spectrometry.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ MFL = million fibers per liter >10 <greek-m>m.
\2\ Using a 2X preconcentration step as noted in Method 200.7. Lower
MDLs may be achieved when using a 4X preconcentration.
\3\ Screening method for total cyanides.
\4\ Measures "free" cyanides.
\5\ Lower MDLs are reported using stabilized temperature graphite
furnace atomic absorption.

(ii) If the population served by the system is >3,300 persons, then
compositing may only be permitted by the State at sampling points within
a single system. In systems serving <ls-thn-eq>3,300 persons, the State
may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5-sample
limit is maintained.
(iii) If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling
point used in the composite sample are available, the system may use
these instead of resampling. The duplicates must be analyzed and the
results reported to the State within 14 days after completing analysis
of the composite sample, provided the holding time of the sample is not
exceeded.
(5) The frequency of monitoring for asbestos shall be in accordance
with paragraph (b) of this section: the frequency of monitoring for
antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride,
mercury, nickel, selenium and thallium shall be in accordance with
paragraph (c) of this section; the frequency of monitoring for nitrate
shall be in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section; and the
frequency of monitoring for nitrite shall be in accordance with
paragraph (e) of this section.
(b) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance
with the maximum contaminant level for asbestos specified in
Sec. 141.62(b) shall be conducted as follows:
(1) Each community and non-transient, non-community water system is
required to monitor for asbestos during the first three-year compliance
period of each nine-year compliance cycle beginning in the compliance
period starting January 1, 1993.
(2) If the system believes it is not vulnerable to either asbestos
contamination in its source water or due to corrosion of asbestos-cement
pipe, or both, it may apply to the State for a waiver of the monitoring
requirement in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. If the State grants the
waiver, the system is not required to monitor.
(3) The State may grant a waiver based on a consideration of the
following factors:
(i) Potential asbestos contamination of the water source, and
(ii) The use of asbestos-cement pipe for finished water distribution
and the corrosive nature of the water.
(4) A waiver remains in effect until the completion of the three-
year compliance period. Systems not receiving a waiver must monitor in
accordance with the provisions of paragraph (b)(1) of this section.

(5) A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to
corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe shall take one sample at a tap served
by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions where asbestos
contamination is most likely to occur.

(6) A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to
source water shall monitor in accordance with the provision of paragraph
(a) of this section.

(7) A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due both to its
source water supply and corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe shall take one
sample at a tap served by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions
where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur.

(8) A system which exceeds the maximum contaminant levels as
determined in Sec. 141.23(i) of this section shall monitor quarterly
beginning in the

[[Page 355]]

next quarter after the violation occurred.

(9) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to
the frequency specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section provided the
State has determined that the system is reliably and consistently below
the maximum contaminant level. In no case can a State make this
determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two
quarterly samples and a surface (or combined surface/ground) water
system takes a minimum of four quarterly samples.

(10) If monitoring data collected after January 1, 1990 are
generally consistent with the requirements of Sec. 141.23(b), then the
State may allow systems to use that data to satisfy the monitoring
requirement for the initial compliance period beginning January 1, 1993.

(c) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance
with the maximum contaminant levels in Sec. 141.62 for antimony, barium,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel,
selenium and thallium shall be as follows:
(1) Groundwater systems shall take one sample at each sampling point
during each compliance period. Surface water systems (or combined
surface/ground) shall take one sample annually at each sampling point.
(2) The system may apply to the State for a waiver from the
monitoring frequencies specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
States may grant a public water system a waiver for monitoring of
cyanide, provided that the State determines that the system is not
vulnerable due to lack of any industrial source of cyanide.
(3) A condition of the waiver shall require that a system shall take
a minimum of one sample while the waiver is effective. The term during
which the waiver is effective shall not exceed one compliance cycle
(i.e., nine years).
(4) The State may grant a waiver provided surface water systems have
monitored annually for at least three years and groundwater systems have
conducted a minimum of three rounds of monitoring. (At least one sample
shall have been taken since January 1, 1990). Both surface and
groundwater systems shall demonstrate that all previous analytical
results were less than the maximum contaminant level. Systems that use a
new water source are not eligible for a waiver until three rounds of
monitoring from the new source have been completed.
(5) In determining the appropriate reduced monitoring frequency, the
State shall consider:
(i) Reported concentrations from all previous monitoring;
(ii) The degree of variation in reported concentrations; and
(iii) Other factors which may affect contaminant concentrations such
as changes in groundwater pumping rates, changes in the system's
configuration, changes in the system's operating procedures, or changes
in stream flows or characteristics.
(6) A decision by the State to grant a waiver shall be made in
writing and shall set forth the basis for the determination. The
determination may be initiated by the State or upon an application by
the public water system. The public water system shall specify the basis
for its request. The State shall review and, where appropriate, revise
its determination of the appropriate monitoring frequency when the
system submits new monitoring data or when other data relevant to the
system's appropriate monitoring frequency become available.
(7) Systems which exceed the maximum contaminant levels as
calculated in Sec. 141.23(i) of this section shall monitor quarterly
beginning in the next quarter after the violation occurred.
(8) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to
the frequencies specified in paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) of this
section provided it has determined that the system is reliably and
consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case can a State
make this determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of
two quarterly samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of four
quarterly samples.
(d) All public water systems (community; non-transient, non-
community;

[[Page 356]]

and transient, non-community systems) shall monitor to determine
compliance with the maximum contaminant level for nitrate in
Sec. 141.62.
(1) Community and non-transient, non-community water systems served
by groundwater systems shall monitor annually beginning January 1, 1993;
systems served by surface water shall monitor quarterly beginning
January 1, 1993.
(2) For community and non-transient, non-community water systems,
the repeat monitoring frequency for groundwater systems shall be
quarterly for at least one year following any one sample in which the
concentration is 50 percent of the MCL. The State may allow a
groundwater system to reduce the sampling frequency to annually after
four consecutive quarterly samples are reliably and consistently less
than the MCL.
(3) For community and non-transient, non-community water systems,
the State may allow a surface water system to reduce the sampling
frequency to annually if all analytical results from four consecutive
quarters are 50 percent of the MCL. A surface water system shall return
to quarterly monitoring if any one sample is ;50 percent of the MCL.
(4) Each transient non-community water system shall monitor annually
beginning January 1, 1993.
(5) After the initial round of quarterly sampling is completed, each
community and non-transient non-community system which is monitoring
annually shall take subsequent samples during the quarter(s) which
previously resulted in the highest analytical result.
(e) All public water systems (community; non-transient, non-
community; and transient, non-community systems) shall monitor to
determine compliance with the maximum contaminant level for nitrite in
Sec. 141.62(b).
(1) All public water systems shall take one sample at each sampling
point in the compliance period beginning January 1, 1993 and ending
December 31, 1995.
(2) After the initial sample, systems where an analytical result for
nitrite is 50 percent of the MCL shall monitor at the frequency
specified by the State.
(3) For community, non-transient, non-community, and transient non-
community water systems, the repeat monitoring frequency for any water
system shall be quarterly for at least one year following any one sample
in which the concentration is 50 percent of the MCL. The State may allow
a system to reduce the sampling frequency to annually after determining
the system is reliably and consistently less than the MCL.
(4) Systems which are monitoring annually shall take each subsequent
sample during the quarter(s) which previously resulted in the highest
analytical result.
(f) Confirmation samples:
(1) Where the results of sampling for asbestos, antimony, barium,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel,
selenium or thallium indicate an exceedance of the maximum contaminant
level, the State may require that one additional sample be collected as
soon as possible after the initial sample was taken (but not to exceed
two weeks) at the same sampling point.
(2) Where nitrate or nitrite sampling results indicate an exceedance
of the maximum contaminant level, the system shall take a confirmation
sample within 24 hours of the system's receipt of notification of the
analytical results of the first sample. Systems unable to comply with
the 24-hour sampling requirement must immediately notify persons served
by the public water system in accordance with Sec. 141.202 and meet
other Tier 1 public notification requirements under Subpart Q of this
part. Systems exercising this option must take and analyze a
confirmation sample within two weeks of notification of the analytical
results of the first sample.
(3) If a State-required confirmation sample is taken for any
contaminant, then the results of the initial and confirmation sample
shall be averaged. The resulting average shall be used to determine the
system's compliance in accordance with paragraph (i) of this section.
States have the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors.
(g) The State may require more frequent monitoring than specified in

[[Page 357]]

paragraphs (b), (c), (d) and (e) of this section or may require
confirmation samples for positive and negative results at its
discretion.
(h) Systems may apply to the State to conduct more frequent
monitoring than the minimum monitoring frequencies specified in this
section.
(i) Compliance with Secs. 141.11 or 141.62(b) (as appropriate) shall
be determined based on the analytical result(s) obtained at each
sampling point.
(1) For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency
greater than annual, compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for
antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide,
fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium is determined by a
running annual average at any sampling point. If the average at any
sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of
compliance. If any one sample would cause the annual average to be
exceeded, then the system is out of compliance immediately. Any sample
below the method detection limit shall be calculated at zero for the
purpose of determining the annual average.
(2) For systems which are monitoring annually, or less frequently,
the system is out of compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for
asbestos, antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide,
fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium if the level of a
contaminant at any sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a
confirmation sample is required by the State, the determination of
compliance will be based on the average of the two samples.
(3) Compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for nitrate and
nitrate is determined based on one sample if the levels of these
contaminants are below the MCLs. If the levels of nitrate and/or nitrite
exceed the MCLs in the initial sample, a confirmation sample is required
in accordance with paragraph (f)(2) of this section, and compliance
shall be determined based on the average of the initial and confirmation
samples.
(j) Each public water system shall monitor at the time designated by
the State during each compliance period.
(k) Inorganic analysis:
(1) Analysis for the following contaminants shall be conducted in
accordance with the methods in the following table, or their equivalent
as determined by EPA. Criteria for analyzing arsenic, barium, beryllium,
cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, selenium, sodium, and
thallium with digestion or directly without digestion, and other
analytical test procedures are contained in Technical Notes on Drinking
Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173, October 1994. This document also
contains approved analytical test methods which remain available for
compliance monitoring until July 1, 1996. These methods will not be
available for use after July 1, 1996. This document is available from
the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB95-104766, U.S.
Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia
22161. The toll-free number is 800-553-6847.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant and methodology \13\ EPA ASTM \3\ SM \4\ Other
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alkalinity:
Titrimetric...................... ........... D1067-92B 2320 B I-1030-85 \5\
Electrometric titration.......... ........... ................... ................... ..................
Antimony:
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8
Hydride-Atomic Absorption........ ........... D-3697-92 ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B ..................
Arsenic\14\:
Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... D-2972-93C 3113 B ..................

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Hydride Atomic Absorption........ ........... D-2972-93B 3114 B ..................
Asbestos:
Transmission Electron Microscopy. \9\ 100.1 ................... ................... ..................
Transmission Electron Microscopy. \10\ 100.2 ................... ................... ..................
Barium:
Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Direct........ ........... ................... 3111 D ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B ..................
Beryllium:
Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... D3645-93B 3113 B ..................
Cadmium:
Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... ................... ..................
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B ..................
Calcium:
EDTA titrimetric................. ........... D511-93A 3500-Ca D
Atomic absorption; direct ........... D511-93B 3111 B ..................
aspiration.
Inductively-coupled plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
Chromium:
Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B ..................
Copper:
Atomic absorption; furnace....... ........... D1688-95C 3113 B ..................
Atomic absorption; direct ........... D1688-95A 3111 B ..................
aspiration.
ICP.............................. \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
ICP--Mass spectrometry........... \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic absorption; platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Conductivity Conductance............. ........... D1125-95A 2510 B ..................
Cyanide:
Manual Distillation followed by.. ........... D2036-91A 4500-CN- C
Spectrophotometric, Amenable. ........... D2036-91B 4500-CN- G
Spectrophotometric...........
Manual................... ........... D2036-91A 4500-CN- E I-3300-85 \5\
Semi-automated........... \6\ 335.4
Selective Electrode.............. ........... ................... 4500-CN- F
Fluoride:
Ion Chromatography............... \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110 B
Manual Distill.; Color. SPADNS... ........... ................... 4500-F- B, D
Manual Electrode................. ........... D1179-93B 4500-F- C
Automated Electrode.............. ........... ................... ................... 380-75WE \11\
Automated Alizarin............... ........... ................... 4500-F- E 129-71W \11\
Lead:
Atomic absorption; furnace....... ........... D3559-95D 3113 B
ICP-Mass spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8
Atomic absorption; platform...... \2\ 200.9
Differential Pulse Anodic ........... ................... ................... Method 1001 \15\
Stripping Voltammetry.
Magnesium:
Atomic Absorption................ ........... D 511-93 B 3111 B

[[Page 359]]

ICP.............................. \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B
Complexation Titrimetric Methods. ........... D 511-93 A 3500-Mg E
Mercury:
Manual, Cold Vapor............... \2\ 245.1 D3223-91 3112 B
Automated, Cold Vapor............ \1\ 245.2
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8
Nickel:
Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9
Atomic Absorption; Direct........ ........... ................... 3111 B
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B
Nitrate:
Ion Chromatography............... \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110 B B-1011 \8\
Automated Cadmium Reduction...... \6\ 353.2 D3867-90A 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> F
Ion Selective Electrode.......... ........... ................... 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> D 601 \7\
Manual Cadmium Reduction......... ........... D3867-90B 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> E
Nitrite:
Ion Chromatography............... \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110 B B-1011 \8\
Automated Cadmium Reduction...... \6\ 353.2 D3867-90A 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> F
Manual Cadmium Reduction......... ........... D3867-90B 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> E
Spectrophotometric............... ........... ................... 4500-NO<INF>2-</INF> B
Orthophosphate: \12\
Colorimetric, automated, ascorbic \6\ 365.1 ................... 4500-P F
acid.
Colorimetric, ascorbic acid, ........... D515-88A 4500-P E
single reagent.
Colorimetric, phosphomolybdate;.. ........... ................... ................... I-1602-85 \5\
automated-segmented flow;.... ........... ................... ................... I-2601-90 \5\
automated discrete........... ........... ................... ................... I-2598-85 \5\
Ion Chromatography............... \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110 B
pH: Electrometric.................... \1\ 150.1 D1293-95 4500-H+ B
\1\ 150.2 ................... ................... ..................
Selenium:
Hydride-Atomic Absorption........ ........... D3859-93A 3114 B ..................
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furance....... ........... D3859-93B 3113 B ..................
Silica:
Colorimetric, molybdate blue;.... ........... ................... ................... I-1700-85 \5\
automated-segmented flow..... ........... ................... ................... I-2700-85 \5\
Colorimetric..................... ........... D859-95 ................... ..................
Molybdosilicate.................. ........... ................... 4500-Si D ..................
Heteropoly blue...................... ........... ................... 4500-Si E ..................
Automated method for molybdate- ........... ................... 4500-Si F ..................
reactive silica.
Inductively-coupled plasma....... \3\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
Sodium:
Inductively-coupled plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; direct ........... ................... 3111 B ..................
aspiration.
Temperature: Thermometric ........... ................... 2550 ..................
Thallium:
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed below. The incorporation by reference of
the following documents listed in footnotes 1-11 and 15 was approved by the Director of the Federal Register
in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the sources
listed below. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave.,
NW., Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 North Capitol
Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.

[[Page 360]]

\1\ "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes", EPA/600/4-79/020, March 1983. Available at NTIS, PB84-
128677.
\2\ "Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples--Supplement I", EPA/600/R-94/111, May
1994. Available at NTIS, PB95-125472.
\3\ Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994 and 1996, Vols. 11.01 and 11.02, American Society for Testing and
Materials. The previous versions of D1688-95A, D1688-95C (copper), D3559-95D (lead), D1293-95 (pH), D1125-91A
(conductivity) and D859-94 (silica) are also approved. These previous versions D1688-90A, C; D3559-90D, D1293-
84, D1125-91A and D859-88, respectively are located in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994, Vols. 11.01.
Copies may be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428.
\4\ 18th and 19th editions of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992 and 1995,
respectively, American Public Health Association; either edition may be used. Copies may be obtained from the
American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20005.
\5\ Method I-2601-90, Methods for Analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory--
Determination of Inorganic and Organic Constituents in Water and Fluvial Sediments, Open File Report 93-125,
1993; For Methods I-1030-85; I-1601-85; I-1700-85; I-2598-85; I-2700-85; and I-3300-85 See Techniques of Water
Resources Investigation of the U.S. Geological Survey, Book 5, Chapter A-1, 3rd ed., 1989; Available from
Information Services, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25286, Denver, CO 80225-0425.
\6\ "Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples", EPA/600/R-93/100, August
1993. Available at NTIS, PB94-120821.
\7\ The procedure shall be done in accordance with the Technical Bulletin 601 "Standard Method of Test for
Nitrate in Drinking Water", July 1994, PN 221890-001, Analytical Technology, Inc. Copies may be obtained from
ATI Orion, 529 Main Street, Boston, MA 02129.
\8\ Method B-1011, "Waters Test Method for Determination of Nitrite/Nitrate in Water Using Single Column Ion
Chromatography," August 1987. Copies may be obtained from Waters Corporation, Technical Services Division, 34
Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757.
\9\ Method 100.1, "Analytical Method For Determination of Asbestos Fibers in Water", EPA/600/4-83/043, EPA,
September 1983. Available at NTIS, PB83-260471.
\10\ 10 Method 100.2, "Determination of Asbestos Structure Over 10-<greek-m>m In Length In Drinking Water",
EPA/600/R-94/134, June 1994. Available at NTIS, PB94-201902.
\11\ Industrial Method No. 129-71W, "Fluoride in Water and Wastewater", December 1972, and Method No. 380-
75WE, "Fluoride in Water and Wastewater", February 1976, Technicon Industrial Systems. Copies may be
obtained from Bran & Luebbe, 1025 Busch Parkway, Buffalo Grove, IL 60089.
\12\ Unfiltered, no digestion or hydrolysis.
\13\ Because MDLs reported in EPA Methods 200.7 and 200.9 were determined using a 2X preconcentration step
during sample digestion, MDLs determined when samples are analyzed by direct analysis (i.e., no sample
digestion) will be higher. For direct analysis of cadmium and arsenic by Method 200.7, and arsenic by Method
3120 B sample preconcentration using pneumatic nebulization may be required to achieve lower detection limits.
Preconcentration may also be required for direct analysis of antimony, lead, and thallium by Method 200.9;
antimony and lead by Method 3113 B; and lead by Method D3559-90D unless multiple in-furnace depositions are
made.
\14\ If ultrasonic nebulization is used in the determination of arsenic by Methods 200.7, 200.8, or SM 3120 B,
the arsenic must be in the pentavalent state to provide uniform signal response. For methods 200.7 and 3120 B,
both samples and standards must be diluted in the same mixed acid matrix concentration of nitric and
hydrochloric acid with the addition of 100 <greek-m>L of 30% hydrogen peroxide per 100ml of solution. For
direct analysis of arsenic with method 200.8 using ultrasonic nebulization, samples and standards must contain
one mg/L of sodium hypochlorite.
\15\ The description for Method Number 1001 for lead is available from Palintest, LTD, 21 Kenton Lands Road,
P.O. Box 18395, Erlanger, KY 41018. Or from the Hach Company, P.O. Box 389, Loveland, CO 8053.

(2) Sample collection for antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium,
cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite,
selenium, and thallium under this section shall be conducted using the
sample preservation, container, and maximum holding time procedures
specified in the following table:

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